3)... INDEX FOR SCANDINAVIA: North Europe, especially considered as a cultural unit and including Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and often Finland, Iceland, and the Faeroe Islands. click.

4)... MIGRATIONS, GENETIC MARKERS, POPULATION MOVEMENTS: click.

5a).. Was culture of ancient Roman Empire African? click.

5b).. Nubian hieroglyphics as ancestor to Western alphabet?: Enter.

6).. Gravettians - they were African Bushwomen in body type: click.

7).. 31st, Africans of the Roman Republic: click.

8).. Red and black African figurine through 9,000 years worldwide: Enter.

9).. The African features of Neanderthal: Enter.

7).. Prehistoric Abdominal Diamond Tribal Markings in AfroEurasia: click.

10a).. The Black-a-Moors and the Strasbourgs of 14th century Europe I: Enter.
10b).. The Black-a-Moors and the Strasbourgs of 14th century Europe II: Enter.
10c).. The Black-a-Moors and the Strasbourgs of 14th century Europe III: Enter.

11).. 35,000 years of African presence in Bohemia (the Csech Republic) until the Middle Ages?: Enter.

12).. 16th Century Bratislava - The Last Supper: Enter.

13)... African equestrian arts in Bulgaria before the time of Alexander: 7000 BC - 400 BC. click.

14)... Africans and the creation of writing, Western religion, and Europe. click.

15)... African Neolithic presence in Europe and invasion from the North: Enter.

16)... Negritos of The Last Judgement - Bratislava ~ 1520 AD: Enter.

17)... The Medieval English Village is an African, e.g. Celt, Invention? Enter.

18)...The Medieval English Village is an African Invention? The Enlarged Map: Enter.

19)... The path of ascent of red heads in the Mediterranean and West Europe: click.

20)... Afro-Celtic Royal Images of Medieval Prague in Bohemia. (Czech Republic) click.

21)... Celtic and Gaulish gods of the Old Medieval Period of Ireland, England, and Spain: click.

22)... Britain's earliest population, the Celts, were African: Enter.

23)... Africans of Germany from Paleolithic Times to Charlemagne. click.

24)... Proto German and Italian peoples entered Europe during the Migration Periods. For Italy they began near 800 BC with the Germanic peoples entering Europe after 500 AD. Time-gradiated maps show this: Click.

25)... Was Spain's population of Basques (one of Europe's oldest indigenous peoples) and Moors African? Yes? No? Here in the links are sites showing European incursion into the continent.

26)... From Paleolithic times, this is a question about the rise of shamanism Africa, Eurasia, & the Pacific.

27).. While the European Commission is making efforts to unify Europe, before the West gained hegemony, Central European African kings were living affluent Christian lives in the Roman Empire before the time of Medieval Europe. See the splendor.

28).. Cattle and 11 Points of Contact from Ancient Africa to Anatolia and/or the Middle East, and Europe.

29).. Did you know that in the last 1.7 million years minus that the last 2000 years that Africans lived throughout Northern Europe and the Arctic?

30).. VIKINGS 1: In Saharan rock art is a boat etchings 9,000 years old. From Nubian-Egypt is a two-strand beaded head-band with innumerable perpendicular beaded strands between them. Both of these items are found in identical form in Scandinavia (and Northern Europe). Part 1 of this series, thus, looks at a prehistoric North-African-Egyptian people as the prehistoric Viking / Nordic / Scandinavian / Northern European populations until (primarily) the European Dark and Medieval Ages. In keeping with this conclusion, Mark Stoneking -- director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany -- states that the result of his institute's studies of skin pigmentation "probably suggest that early Eurasians were dark and evolved their light skin pigmentation separately with different genes contributing to the depigmentation of Caucasoids and Mongoloids." SEE: Mark Stoneking and co-authors, Human pigmentation genes in Africans, Europeans, and Chinese, September 21, 2006.

31a).. VIKINGS 2: Used by African populations in the Mediterranean, and predating the influx of people from the Steppes making today's Nordic / Scandinavian population, is the so-called Viking bull-horn helmet or crown (4, 5) and the four-axel chariot (pics. 9, 10). Made by prehistoric populations in Africa are charcoal rim-burned red-and-black ware (pics. 22, 23); an African Viking Thor (the earliest Thor) in Scandinavia with balls of wooly hair had prototypes found in predynastic Egypt (pics. 6, 7). Part II of this series continues its looks at prehistoric Viking / Nordic / Scandinavian / Northern European populations as once wholly African. Africans formed the population of Scandinavia and the Vikings before European involvement.

31b).. VIKINGS 3: Black Vikings of 8th century: click.

32).. The Moors are much the stuff of fairy tale but they were flesh-and-blood people who once lived from the ends of southern Europe up through Scandinavia and in the lands of Croatia and beyond. See their images.

33).. Anthropologists express agnosticism as to the original population of Etrusca in Italy always saying its origins is a mystery. Yet, the coinage shows they were African. There is no mystery.

34).. Evaluating the ethnicity of Charlemagne through an analysis of extant portrait art with him as subject. click.

35).. Charlemagne, the kinky-haired emperor - so, African: click.

36).. Prehistoric African presence in R1b, I, and R1a Regions of Eurasia - the signature of African peoples: click.

37).. Indo-European expansions from Steppes to Germanic Invasions of Europe. click.

38).. African faces of Bronze Age Macedonia at the time of Alexander. click.

39).. When the Czech Republic was Celt / African - Part 2 click.

40).. From 4500 BC, the Solar Hieroglyph Painted on Face & Body.

41).. Head Elongation Worldwide. From Paleolithic?: click. (from Dec. 26, 2006)

42).. The faces of Rudolf II click.

44).. Alexeev Harvard Lectures on African remains in Russia from 27,000 years ago. Alexeev Backup. INDEX TO ALL LECTURES: Alexeev Harvard Lectures.

45).. A Brief History of the Circumpolar North - Aboriginal Peoples; and movements into the American continent from the North and, anthropologists propose, Africa. North Polar Site backup here.

46).. Africans once lived in the Russian-Finland area. These countries sharing a common border. The mile high ice sheets which covered Finland for thousands of years began to melt near 10,000 BC (animation below). As they melted, African populations in Russia could "move next door" to Finland into areas freed by the ice. These peoples were the Lapp or Saami - one of humanities' oldest peoples. Through intermarriage with the Germanics after their arrival near 500 AD, the original indigenous people of 500 years ago and earlier have long vanished. Some among the newly immigrant Germanic people carry on the tribal name of the earlier Lapp / Saami; i.e. when the Germanic tribes arrived near 500 AD, they became a part of Lapp culture. Today, while the African "look" is gone, Lapp / Saami skiing, ship-building, seafaring and deep sea-fishing, winter culture and language (Finnish) survives in the new arrivals, today's Finns. See the retreating ice sheet that enabled the ancient African people to move slowly west.

47).. Anglo-Saxon Origin and History: click; backup.

48) .. History of Hungarian Holy Crown from 300 AD. Also worn by Charlemagne (8th century) and Charles I (i.e. Robert Karoly) 13th century: click.

WRITINGS ON MOORS:

49), Thomas William Shore, Origin of the Anglo-Saxon Race: pages 112 - 113.
50), Thomas William Shore, Origin of the Anglo-Saxon Race: pages 114 - 115.
51), Moorish root of royal names of England, Wales, Scotland: Enter.
52), Saint Maurice and his bluish-black skin: Enter.
53), Joseph Haydn, the Black-a-Moor Kepplemeister at Eszterhazy: Enter.